ActuatorHQ
  • Home
  • About
  • Blog
  • Community
  • Contact

ActuatorHQ

paul@actuatorhq.com

Pages

  • Home
  • About
  • Contact

Legal

  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
  • Imprint

© 2026 ActuatorHQ

Powered by Identity First Media Platform

Blog

Latest insights from ActuatorHQ

How Actuator Energy Systems Are Actually Evolving in 2026

How Actuator Energy Systems Are Actually Evolving in 2026

Three converging developments in battery chemistry, compact gearing, and metal recovery are quietly reshaping the energy stack that powers autonomous physical systems.

May 4, 20265 min
2026 Physical AI Trends: Tactile Sensing and Deformable Material Control

2026 Physical AI Trends: Tactile Sensing and Deformable Material Control

Physical AI is converging on two hard problems in 2026: giving robots a sense of touch and teaching them to handle soft, deformable materials reliably.

May 3, 20265 min
Humanoid Robot Production Trends 2026: Cost, Scale, and Materials

Humanoid Robot Production Trends 2026: Cost, Scale, and Materials

In 2026, humanoid robotics is splitting into three visible trends: aggressive price compression, rapid factory-scale production ramp-ups, and early-stage soft actuator research closing in on biological muscle performance.

May 2, 20264 min
Humanoid Robot Market 2026: Production Scales, Revenue Rises

Humanoid Robot Market 2026: Production Scales, Revenue Rises

Three data points from late April 2026 show humanoid robotics moving from prototype phases into volume production, growing revenue, and fresh capital formation.

May 1, 20263 min
Physical AI Expands: Sensors, Humanoids, and Nuclear Cleanup

Physical AI Expands: Sensors, Humanoids, and Nuclear Cleanup

Three developments in one week show Physical AI moving from lab into factories, hazardous environments, and large-scale industrial deployment with real timelines.

Apr 30, 20265 min
Physical AI 2026: Three Signals Worth Tracking This Week

Physical AI 2026: Three Signals Worth Tracking This Week

Apptronik hired a Waymo veteran as CPO, Flex and Teradyne expanded their Physical AI manufacturing partnership, and MIT printed magnetic micro-robots. Three separate signals pointing at the same structural shift.

Apr 29, 20265 min
Physical AI in 2026: Three Signals Worth Tracking

Physical AI in 2026: Three Signals Worth Tracking

From fresh Series B capital flowing into robot perception software to humanoid robots improvising hugs, the Physical AI market is producing signals worth watching closely.

Apr 28, 20264 min
Three Robot Stories, One Signal: What the Actuator Market Is Telling Us

Three Robot Stories, One Signal: What the Actuator Market Is Telling Us

From heat-activated knot robots to ABB's PoWa cobots, three developments in April 2026 reveal how actuator design choices shape the entire trajectory of a robot platform.

Apr 27, 20266 min
How Robotic Hands Are Learning to Feel: E-Skin and Surgical Dexterity

How Robotic Hands Are Learning to Feel: E-Skin and Surgical Dexterity

Electronic skin and dexterous robotic hands are converging across medical and defense applications, driven by breakthroughs in stretchable sensor arrays and autonomous surgical platforms.

Apr 25, 20265 min
Vibration Monitoring in Mobile Robots: What IMU Data Reveals

Vibration Monitoring in Mobile Robots: What IMU Data Reveals

Vibration sensors and IMU data are emerging as key tools for improving mobile robot stability and navigation on uneven terrain.

Apr 24, 20264 min
Tesla, the Army, and Factory Floors: Physical AI Goes Operational

Tesla, the Army, and Factory Floors: Physical AI Goes Operational

Three separate developments in April 2026 signal that humanoid and autonomous robotics are crossing from prototype phase into real operational deployment at scale.

Apr 23, 20266 min
New Research: Humanoids Hit Factory Floors and Public Streets

New Research: Humanoids Hit Factory Floors and Public Streets

New field results show humanoid robots completing 8-hour factory shifts, greeting marathon crowds, and wireless power tech pushing runtime boundaries.

Apr 22, 20264 min
Physical AI at Scale: Two Milestones That Signal Industrial Readiness

Physical AI at Scale: Two Milestones That Signal Industrial Readiness

Siemens is testing humanoid robots in live factory settings while Chef Robotics just crossed 100 million automated meal servings, signaling Physical AI is moving from pilots to production.

Apr 21, 20263 min
Sim-to-Real 2026: Antioch Bets Simulation Closes the Hardware Gap

Sim-to-Real 2026: Antioch Bets Simulation Closes the Hardware Gap

Antioch raised new funding to apply simulation-driven testing to robotics, targeting the slow, expensive hardware validation cycle that holds back robot development speed.

Apr 20, 20264 min
How Energy Breakthroughs Are Reshaping Physical AI Hardware

How Energy Breakthroughs Are Reshaping Physical AI Hardware

Three recent research advances in solid-state batteries and robotic exoskeletons signal a fundamental shift in how physical robots manage power and endurance.

Apr 19, 20265 min
How Physical AI Is Rewiring Robot Actuator Design in 2026

How Physical AI Is Rewiring Robot Actuator Design in 2026

Three converging trends, heavy-load training, self-healing materials, and vision-language reasoning, are forcing a fundamental rethink of what actuators must actually do.

Apr 18, 20266 min
AGIBOT G2 on the Factory Floor: What It Means for Physical AI

AGIBOT G2 on the Factory Floor: What It Means for Physical AI

AGIBOT has deployed G2 humanoid robots on a live tablet production line, with 100 units planned by Q3 2026, marking a concrete step from lab demos to real manufacturing.

Apr 17, 20264 min
How Robots Are Learning to Act Under Pressure: AI Reasoning, Deep-Sea Force Control, and Combat Autonomy

How Robots Are Learning to Act Under Pressure: AI Reasoning, Deep-Sea Force Control, and Combat Autonomy

Three separate robotics programs are converging on the same challenge: getting robots to make reliable decisions and apply precise force in unstructured, high-stakes environments.

Apr 16, 20266 min
Embodied AI Goes Commercial: What Google and Boston Dynamics Signal

Embodied AI Goes Commercial: What Google and Boston Dynamics Signal

Google's Gemini Robotics and Boston Dynamics Spot integration marks the clearest signal yet that embodied AI is moving from research labs into commercial deployment.

Apr 15, 20263 min
Field Robotics Advances: What Recent Deployments Mean for Physical AI

Field Robotics Advances: What Recent Deployments Mean for Physical AI

Three separate robotics deployments in April 2026 reveal how force control, servo precision, and real-time AI are converging across defense and research applications.

Apr 14, 20264 min
New Research: Battery Breakthroughs Reshaping EV Power Systems

New Research: Battery Breakthroughs Reshaping EV Power Systems

Three separate research and product developments point to faster charging, safer chemistry, and higher energy density as the next frontier for EV batteries.

Apr 13, 20265 min
AGIBOT's Double Launch: What GO-2 and GE 2-Sim Mean for Embodied AI

AGIBOT's Double Launch: What GO-2 and GE 2-Sim Mean for Embodied AI

AGIBOT released two connected systems in two days: the GO-2 foundation model for reliable real-world execution and GE 2-Sim for scalable simulation. Together they signal a shift from demo robots to deployable ones.

Apr 12, 20263 min
Hand Tracking Breakthroughs: What They Mean for Robot Dexterity

Hand Tracking Breakthroughs: What They Mean for Robot Dexterity

Two new sensing systems, one using ultrasound at the wrist and one using smartwatch sonar, show that the bottleneck in robot dexterity may be sensing, not mechanics.

Apr 11, 20264 min
How Actuator Design Is Splitting Into Three Distinct Paths

How Actuator Design Is Splitting Into Three Distinct Paths

Rigid motors, soft fiber muscles, and magnetic field control are emerging as three separate actuator strategies, each optimized for a different class of robot and use case.

Apr 10, 20266 min
Physical AI in 2026: Three Signals From the Build Layer

Physical AI in 2026: Three Signals From the Build Layer

Amazon's Fauna acquisition, AGIBOT's open-source dataset, and OLogic's hardware-software framework all point to one pattern: the Physical AI stack is being built from the ground up, not the top down.

Apr 8, 20264 min
Physical AI in 2026: Sim-to-Real, Factory Robots, and Market Certification

Physical AI in 2026: Sim-to-Real, Factory Robots, and Market Certification

Three converging signals in April 2026 show Physical AI moving from lab demos to certified, deployable systems inside real manufacturing environments.

Apr 7, 20264 min
NORD MAXXDRIVE Launch: What It Means for Industrial Gearboxes

NORD MAXXDRIVE Launch: What It Means for Industrial Gearboxes

NORD Drivesystems launched the MAXXDRIVE series for mining, featuring a one-piece UNICASE housing designed for structural rigidity and leak protection.

Apr 6, 20264 min
Study Shows Brain-Inspired Chips Cut AI Energy Use 2,000x

Study Shows Brain-Inspired Chips Cut AI Energy Use 2,000x

UK researchers built a neuromorphic chip that could make AI systems 2,000 times more energy efficient, while China moves to extend battery life through mandatory digital recycling traceability.

Apr 5, 20264 min
New Research: What Battery Breakthroughs Mean for Physical AI

New Research: What Battery Breakthroughs Mean for Physical AI

Two new studies reveal both a promising 10x energy density leap and why batteries fail at the particle level, with direct implications for mobile robotics.

Apr 5, 20264 min
How Biology, Software, and Silicon Are Converging in Robotics

How Biology, Software, and Silicon Are Converging in Robotics

Three parallel developments in robotics reveal a field moving from imitation of life toward integration with it, across hardware, software, and biology simultaneously.

Apr 4, 20265 min
Air Muscles, Smarter Batteries, General AI: What This Week Says About Physical AI

Air Muscles, Smarter Batteries, General AI: What This Week Says About Physical AI

Three separate announcements this week point to the same pattern: the physical AI stack is maturing simultaneously at the actuator, energy, and intelligence layers.

Apr 4, 20265 min
Humanoid Robots at Work: What One Week of News Reveals

Humanoid Robots at Work: What One Week of News Reveals

Three separate developments in April 2026 signal that humanoid robotics is crossing from demonstration into deployment, driven by sensor advances, factory adoption, and veteran validation.

Apr 3, 20265 min
How Zero-Shot Manipulation Works: What the Latest Robot Hand Research Actually Shows

How Zero-Shot Manipulation Works: What the Latest Robot Hand Research Actually Shows

Zero-shot in-hand manipulation lets robots reorient objects without prior training on that specific task, using force control and dexterous hardware working together.

Apr 3, 20266 min
Alan and Korea's EM Robot: What Two Debuts Signal for Physical AI

Alan and Korea's EM Robot: What Two Debuts Signal for Physical AI

Two new research robots from Durham University and South Korea show Physical AI expanding into precision sensing and academic infrastructure simultaneously.

Apr 2, 20264 min
PhAIL Benchmark Launches: What It Means for Physical AI Reliability

PhAIL Benchmark Launches: What It Means for Physical AI Reliability

Positronic Robotics launched PhAIL to rank AI models on real hardware using throughput and reliability metrics, shifting evaluation away from simulation.

Apr 2, 20264 min
How Surgical Robotics Motion Architecture Actually Works

How Surgical Robotics Motion Architecture Actually Works

Surgical robotics precision depends on motion architecture choices: motor type, drive topology, and control strategy, not just software or compute.

Apr 1, 20265 min
New Research: Smarter Touch, Precision Control, and 10,000 Humanoid Robots

New Research: Smarter Touch, Precision Control, and 10,000 Humanoid Robots

Three March 2026 findings show humanoid robotics closing critical gaps in tactile sensing, motion precision, and production scale simultaneously.

Apr 1, 20264 min
Two Humanoid Robots Enter the Real World: What It Means for Physical AI

Two Humanoid Robots Enter the Real World: What It Means for Physical AI

The HMND 01 completed live automotive factory trials while UniX AI deployed a home robot in China, signaling Physical AI moving from labs to real environments.

Mar 31, 20264 min
Robot Hands Get Smarter: Three Signals From March 2026

Robot Hands Get Smarter: Three Signals From March 2026

Xiaomi, Humanoid, and Tokyo researchers each pushed dexterous robot hand capability forward in the same week, from thermal management to transparent object grasping.

Mar 31, 20264 min
Three Humanoid Milestones in One Day: What March 30 Signals

Three Humanoid Milestones in One Day: What March 30 Signals

On March 30, 2026, Sharpa demonstrated apple-peeling dexterity, AGIBOT hit 10,000 units produced, and LimX Dynamics unveiled Luna, signaling simultaneous progress on capability and scale.

Mar 30, 20264 min
How China's Energy Breakthroughs Are Reshaping Physical AI Hardware

How China's Energy Breakthroughs Are Reshaping Physical AI Hardware

China is advancing both hybrid propulsion for drones and all-weather lithium batteries, pushing energy density and thermal resilience well beyond current limits in Physical AI hardware.

Mar 30, 20265 min
RAI Roadrunner Demo: What Bipedal Legs Tell Us About Actuator Progress

RAI Roadrunner Demo: What Bipedal Legs Tell Us About Actuator Progress

RAI's Roadrunner demo shows legless humanoid locomotion pushing skating, stair-climbing, and single-leg balance, signaling serious actuator and control system maturity.

Mar 30, 20264 min
New Research: Bat-Inspired Drones Navigate Blind With Ultrasound

New Research: Bat-Inspired Drones Navigate Blind With Ultrasound

US researchers built palm-sized drones using bat-inspired ultrasound and AI to navigate fog, smoke, and tight spaces without cameras.

Mar 29, 20264 min
Basler and Orbbec Team Up: What It Means for Mobile Robot Vision

Basler and Orbbec Team Up: What It Means for Mobile Robot Vision

Basler and Orbbec unveiled the Stereo mini at LogiMAT, combining 3D cameras and computer vision in a compact system for logistics robots.

Mar 29, 20263 min
Multi-Metal 3D Printing Cuts Rocket Part Lead Times by Weeks

Multi-Metal 3D Printing Cuts Rocket Part Lead Times by Weeks

Fraunhofer researchers developed a process to 3D print rocket components using multiple metals simultaneously, reducing production timelines by weeks.

Mar 29, 20264 min
Humanoid Robots in 2026: Industrial Dexterity Meets Public Deployment

Humanoid Robots in 2026: Industrial Dexterity Meets Public Deployment

Humanoid robotics is branching fast: one track targets industrial AI dexterity with fresh Series A capital, another puts social robots in tourism settings today.

Mar 28, 20264 min
New Li-Ion Battery Design: What It Means for Robot Runtime

New Li-Ion Battery Design: What It Means for Robot Runtime

UK researchers unveiled a higher-density lithium-ion battery design that could extend EV range and, by extension, untethered robot operating time.

Mar 28, 20263 min
How Humanoid Robots Are Moving From Labs Into the Real World

How Humanoid Robots Are Moving From Labs Into the Real World

Humanoid robots are entering airports, research labs, and logistics floors in 2026, each deployment revealing different trade-offs between mobility, control, and fleet coordination.

Mar 28, 20265 min
How Gearbox Ratio Selection Actually Works in Servo Systems

How Gearbox Ratio Selection Actually Works in Servo Systems

Gearbox ratio selection determines how well a servo motor can control a load by balancing inertia, torque multiplication, and dynamic response.

Mar 27, 20266 min
How Agile Robots and Google DeepMind Are Tackling Industrial Dexterity

How Agile Robots and Google DeepMind Are Tackling Industrial Dexterity

Agile Robots SE is integrating Google DeepMind's AI to give humanoid robots the dexterous hand control and force sensing needed for complex industrial assembly tasks.

Mar 27, 20266 min
Study Shows Farm Waste Can Become Battery-Grade Graphite

Study Shows Farm Waste Can Become Battery-Grade Graphite

Researchers converted agricultural waste into battery-grade graphite, potentially reducing US reliance on Chinese graphite imports for EV and robotics batteries.

Mar 27, 20264 min
New Research: Microsoft AI Benchmark Links Robot Planning to Action

New Research: Microsoft AI Benchmark Links Robot Planning to Action

Microsoft's GroundedPlanBench tests whether AI can decide what a robot should do and precisely where it should act, closing a key gap in robot task planning.

Mar 27, 20264 min
Humanoid Robots Get Smarter and More Human: What It Means for Physical AI

Humanoid Robots Get Smarter and More Human: What It Means for Physical AI

Two developments show humanoid robots converging on human-level interaction: better AI brains and more expressive faces, signaling a new phase for Physical AI.

Mar 26, 20264 min
Motorless Smart Actuators: What Korea's Breakthrough Means for Robotics

Motorless Smart Actuators: What Korea's Breakthrough Means for Robotics

Korean researchers unveiled a rapid, reversible smart actuator requiring no motor, potentially reshaping how robots move at the component level.

Mar 26, 20263 min
How Energy Efficiency Actually Works in Physical AI Hardware

How Energy Efficiency Actually Works in Physical AI Hardware

Energy efficiency in Physical AI depends on two converging fronts: better battery chemistry and smarter drive system architecture, both currently in active development.

Mar 26, 20265 min
Humanoid Robotics 2026: Unitree IPO and NVIDIA GTC Signal a Market in Transition

Humanoid Robotics 2026: Unitree IPO and NVIDIA GTC Signal a Market in Transition

Unitree's IPO reveals a credible hardware business while NVIDIA GTC 2026 highlights sim-to-real and Physical AI as the field's defining technical bets.

Mar 26, 20264 min
Robots at Airports and Wrists: What Two Demos Reveal

Robots at Airports and Wrists: What Two Demos Reveal

A humanoid robot greeting passengers in San Jose and an MIT wristband translating hand motion to robotic action both signal the same thing: human-robot interfaces are moving fast.

Mar 25, 20263 min
How AI and Smart Design Are Pushing Actuator Efficiency Further

How AI and Smart Design Are Pushing Actuator Efficiency Further

A hybrid AI model predicts lithium battery life 87% more accurately, while a student-built quadrotor biplane shows how actuator and airframe choices directly shape mission endurance.

Mar 25, 20266 min
Amazon and Tedrake: What Two Big Robotics Moves Signal

Amazon and Tedrake: What Two Big Robotics Moves Signal

Amazon acquiring Fauna Robotics and Russ Tedrake launching a stealth startup both point to the same shift: serious capital and serious talent are now betting on physical AI at scale.

Mar 25, 20265 min
Physical AI Infrastructure Week: What Three Signals Mean for Robotics

Physical AI Infrastructure Week: What Three Signals Mean for Robotics

TI-NVIDIA integration, FANUC's $90M U.S. bet, and battlefield exoskeleton tests all point to one thing: Physical AI is moving from labs to deployment.

Mar 24, 20264 min
Renault and Titan 01: What Two Announcements Say About Humanoid Robotics Right Now

Renault and Titan 01: What Two Announcements Say About Humanoid Robotics Right Now

Renault is deploying 350 humanoid robots in factories while Chinese startup Westlake Robotics unveiled Titan 01, signaling humanoid robotics is moving from lab to real production floors fast.

Mar 24, 20265 min
Can Safer Polymer Batteries Power Humanoid Robots Longer?

Can Safer Polymer Batteries Power Humanoid Robots Longer?

A new PIL block copolymer design fixes a key conductivity flaw in safer solid-state batteries, potentially extending runtime for power-hungry humanoid robot actuators.

Mar 24, 20265 min
Hyundai and McDonald's Deploy Humanoids: What the Specs Tell Us

Hyundai and McDonald's Deploy Humanoids: What the Specs Tell Us

Hyundai partners with Persona AI for shipyard welding robots while McDonald's China deploys humanoids for customer service, signaling two very different actuator requirement profiles.

Mar 23, 20265 min
Is Europe the Next Frontier for Physical AI Investment in 2026?

Is Europe the Next Frontier for Physical AI Investment in 2026?

FOV Ventures argues Europe's robotics, AI, and spatial computing expertise positions it as a serious Physical AI contender in 2026.

Mar 23, 20264 min
Can Imperfect Motion Data Teach a Humanoid to Play Tennis?

Can Imperfect Motion Data Teach a Humanoid to Play Tennis?

The LATENT system teaches humanoid robots athletic tennis skills by learning from imperfect human motion data, bypassing the need for perfect kinematic reference data.

Mar 23, 20264 min
Can Networked Motors Mimic Human Muscles? Bristol's Breakthrough Explained

Can Networked Motors Mimic Human Muscles? Bristol's Breakthrough Explained

University of Bristol researchers built a network of simple mechanical motors that collectively mirror human muscle behavior, opening a new path for soft robot actuation.

Mar 22, 20265 min
Can Measuring Tape Fingers Solve Robotic Grasping?

Can Measuring Tape Fingers Solve Robotic Grasping?

UC San Diego researchers built a robotic gripper using steel measuring tape as fingers, combining rigidity and compliance to handle fragile objects without complex actuation systems.

Mar 22, 20265 min
ProTac Sensor Teardown: What Cameras Inside Robot Arms Reveal

ProTac Sensor Teardown: What Cameras Inside Robot Arms Reveal

ProTac uses internal cameras inside soft robot arms to detect both proximity and touch simultaneously, replacing traditional force-torque sensors with a vision-based approach.

Mar 22, 20265 min
Quadruped Robots Get Arms: What the Ghost Robotics Vision 60 Arm Means for Actuator Demand in 2025

Quadruped Robots Get Arms: What the Ghost Robotics Vision 60 Arm Means for Actuator Demand in 2025

Ghost Robotics added a 6-DOF arm to its Vision 60 quadruped, signaling a hardware expansion that multiplies per-robot actuator demand for military and public safety deployments.

Mar 22, 20264 min
Are Humanoid Robots Approaching Peak Human Performance?

Are Humanoid Robots Approaching Peak Human Performance?

Recent demonstrations show humanoid robots performing complex physical feats, but experts note this reflects human-level imitation, not yet peak robot capability.

Mar 22, 20265 min
Unitree B2 Fire Rescue: What the Field Deployment Tells Us

Unitree B2 Fire Rescue: What the Field Deployment Tells Us

Unitree's B2 quadruped is entering fire rescue operations with a modular water cannon system, signaling real-world actuator stress tests beyond factory floors.

Mar 22, 20265 min
Can KAIST's Dancing Humanoid Solve Force Control in the Real World?

Can KAIST's Dancing Humanoid Solve Force Control in the Real World?

KAIST's Humanoid v0.7 demonstrated moonwalking and soccer kicks in an outdoor field test, showcasing real-world force control and dynamic motion capabilities.

Mar 20, 20265 min
Can Simplified Motion Models Help Robots Master Complex Skills?

Can Simplified Motion Models Help Robots Master Complex Skills?

Chinese researchers achieved 96.5% accuracy in humanoid robot tennis by reducing complex human motion to simplified, learnable movement primitives that robots can reliably execute.

Mar 20, 20265 min
Can Reversible Robotic Hands Solve Humanoid Dexterity?

Can Reversible Robotic Hands Solve Humanoid Dexterity?

EPFL engineers have built a reversible robotic hand that outperforms human dexterity in controlled tasks, while LG is already betting on dexterous hands for home robots.

Mar 20, 20266 min
Can Better Gearbox Sizing Solve Servo Performance Problems?

Can Better Gearbox Sizing Solve Servo Performance Problems?

Proper servo gearbox sizing balances nominal, acceleration, and emergency torque to prevent premature failure, efficiency losses, and oversized drivetrain weight in robotic systems.

Mar 20, 20264 min
From Prototype to Production: What Still Blocks Humanoid Robots?

From Prototype to Production: What Still Blocks Humanoid Robots?

Motion control, thermal management, and sensing architecture remain the three hardest unsolved engineering barriers blocking humanoid robots from real-world production scale.

Mar 20, 20265 min
Can a 3D-Printed Hand With Artificial Muscles Match Biology?

Can a 3D-Printed Hand With Artificial Muscles Match Biology?

Researchers printed a complete biomimetic hand in a single process, combining rigid skeleton, soft joint capsules, tendons, and integrated touch sensors using artificial muscles.

Mar 20, 20265 min
What Are Actuators? The Muscles of Humanoid Robots Explained

What Are Actuators? The Muscles of Humanoid Robots Explained

Actuators convert stored energy into physical movement at every joint of a humanoid robot. Without them, a robot cannot walk, lift, or grasp anything.

Mar 19, 20267 min
Why Can't Humanoid Robots Work a Full Shift? The Thermal Problem Explained

Why Can't Humanoid Robots Work a Full Shift? The Thermal Problem Explained

Humanoid robots overheat during sustained heavy-load tasks because electric actuators convert 40-60% of input energy into heat, forcing duty cycle limits that prevent full industrial shifts.

Mar 19, 20268 min
What Does a Humanoid Robot Actually Cost to Build in 2026?

What Does a Humanoid Robot Actually Cost to Build in 2026?

Building a humanoid robot in 2026 costs between $8,000 and $300,000 depending on capability tier, with actuators alone accounting for 30 to 40 percent of total hardware cost.

Mar 19, 20268 min